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«MHP, nPQrPECC, nPABAHEJIQBEKA»

Ibfoiwmnim My3ea h o6mecrBeHHoro upinpa
HMieiffl Amtpea CaxapoBa

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MocKBa
«H3aaTeJibCTBo I1PABA HEJ10BEKA»

2004

° t&G>1 OH 5U£>

BBK8.1
K14

OTBeTCTBeHHblH penaKTOp-cocTaBmejib -
JIOKTOp HCTOpHMecKHX HayK npoipeccop JI.E . 0ypjnan

Khhi£ HanHcaHa h ony6jiHKOBaHa no 3aica3y h Ha cpencTBa

OoHjia AHflpen CaxapOBa (CIIIA)

h ero npe3MiieHTa r-Ha 3flBapaa KnsHHa

K 14 Ka3axcTaH h Pocchh: o6mecTBQ h rocynapcTBO. —

M.: «FIpaBa qejioBeKa» s 2004. -522 c,

flaHHan KHHra - c6ophhk ctaTeft affropoB m Pocchh, Ka3axcraHa
h flpymx crpaH. B Heft paccMaTpHBaiOTCH BOnpocH nocrcoBeTCKoro
pa3BHTMA Ka3axcTaHa, aHanH3HpyiOTcn npnHHHbi cxoacTBa h paarm-
khh ero 3bo^kjuhh c SBcmfOimeH nocTCOBercKofi Pocchh. KHHra
npenHa3Ha<jeHa KaK auji cneunajincTOB, Tax h ann uiHpoKoro Kpyra

BBK8.1

OTBeTCTBeHHtie 3a BbinycK M. 3aiiu,ee
Koppeicrop M.Kpmicoea

Hfl No 021 84 or 30.06.2000. nonriHcaHo b neqaTb 15.12.2004.
(DopMaT 60x90 1/16. EyMaraochceTHaji. rapHHxypa hmotoh.
ne^atb 0(J)ceTHaa. Twpasc 1000 3K3. 3aKa3 N° 1541

kfoflarejibCTBo «npaBa HejioBeica»,

1 19992, MocKBa, 3y6oBCKHH SyjibBap, 17

Be6-caftT: www.hrpublishers.org

OaopHKa ocJjccthoh nenaTH, r. 06hmhck, yji. KopojieBa, 6
ISBN 5-7712-0316-5

© <t>OHA Aaapea CaxapoBa (C1JQA), 20Q4^
©CoCTaBJieHHe,^.E. tt>ypMaH, 2004' "

■•-■a?.'-*.-?.-- . '

flMHTpMM OypMaH

CXOACTBA II PA3J1MHMA KA3AXCTAHA
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6HBiuero CCCP. U&m cepHH - h npocBeraTejibCKHe, h HayiHbie. Kaxawfi
pa3 mm nwiaeMca BbiHJieHHTb h oGiscHHTb o6mee h oco6eHHoe b nocTCOBeT-
ckom pa3BHTHH aaHHOH CTpaHbi, npeacne scero o6mee h oco6eHHoe no otho-

UieHHJO K POCCHM. IlOHHTb, Kyfla Mbi VUX&M, MOFJIH JIH Mbl UHTH B KaKOM-TO

apyroM HanpaBJieHHH, noneMy Mbi see ace nouuiw hmchho no TaKOMy ny™,
moxho jiHuit cpaBHMBaa ce6fl c apyrHMH, h npeame Bcero c Temw apyniMH,

KOTOpbie HMdOT CXOJKHe reHe3HC H OnbIT, - HaiUHMH 6bIBlUHMH «6paTCKHMH

pecny6jiHKaMH».

npeAbmymHii BbinycK 6mji nocBameH cTpaHaM BaJiTHH. 3th CTpaHbi
cpa3y xe nouiJiH b CBoeM nocTcoBeTCKOM pa3BHTHH no nyTH, npHHUHnnajib-

HO OT^HMaiOmeMyCH Oft pOCCHHCKOTO. CeHHaC CpaBHHBaTb 6ajlTHHCKMe COUH-

ajibHo-no^HTHHecKHe chctcmm c poccHHCKofi - noHra to xe caMoe, hto
CpaBHHBaTb Hac c CIIIA vum TepMaHHeH. CpaBHeHHe Pocchh co crpaHaMH
noKa3b(BaeT, hto, HanwHas c oneHb 6jih3khx (a (popMajibHo - npocrro TO»we-

CTBeHHHx) HaiUHM CTapTOBblX y<X10BHH, MOSCHO 6bUIO pa3BHBaTbCfl coBep-

meHHo HHane h, cneaoBaTejibHO, Ham njrb - othknu. He ejiHHCTBeHHo bo3-
mojkhhh nyrb nocTcoBeTCKOM crpaHbi, h to, hto HaM KaaceTca eCTeCTBeHHbl-
mh cnoco6aMH peuieHHJi ecTecTBeHHux nocTcoBexcKHx npo6jieM, - Ha ca-
mom aejie HauiH cnocoSu peuieHH3 HauiHX npoSjieM. flpyrae Moryr peiuaTb
hx coBceM HHane huh aaace BOo6me sthx npo&rceM He HMeTb 1 .

Ka3axcTaH aaeT HaM coBepuieHHO hhoh «ypoio>. Ecjih, dihjih Ha CTpaHbi
BajiTHH, Mbi o6Hapy)KHBaeM, hto Haum npo6jieMbi h hx pemeHHa - He «o6h-
3aTejibHbie» a ne «Bceo6aiHe», to, raajw Ha Ka3axCTaH, mm bhuhm, ^ HauiH
npo6jieMbi h HauiH peuieHHJi -aocTaTOHHo pacnpocTpaHeHHbie h THnHHHbie.

1

Ka3axcT3H - cTpaHa OHeHbaajieKaa ot Pocchh no KyjibTypHMM ocHOBaM

H HCTOpHHeCKOH naMHTH H nCHXOJIOrHH CBOefO OCHOBHOrO H THTyjIbHOTO Ha-

flMHTpHH (ttypwaH

po.ua. PyccKHe - Hapon, hctqphhcckh 3eMJieaejib4ecKHfi, Ka3axw - KoneBHH-
kh. Pocchh - CTpaHa c ApeBHew rocynapCTBeHHOH MMnepcKOH TpajiHuneH.
Ka3axH jio 3aBoeBaHHfl PoccHeft TaK h He C03flajiH ueHTpajin30BaHHoro rocy-
aapcTBa h 6bi™ pa3JiejieHbi Ha mieMeHa h xy3bi. OSmeHaiiHOHajibHoe caMO-
co3HaHHe Ka3axoB 3apoacnaeTca JiHUib b poccMcKHfi nepnoji Ka3axeraHCK0H

HCTOpHH, nOfl BJlHHHMeM COUHajlbHMX npOueCCOB, BbI3BaHHHX K JKH3HH K0-

^OHH3aiiHeM, noil BJinaHneM eBponeficKHX Haew, ycuaHBaeMbix Ka3axcK0M
sjihtoh (cm. cTaTbio T. KocaMa).

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Hen HCJiaMH3auHH, b pejiHrao3HOM co3HaHHH Koroporo coxpaHJieTca MOIU-
hhh njiacT aoHCJiaMCKHx BepOBaHHH. TecHaa CB33b Ka3axcTaHa c PoccweH h
ee MOiUHoe KyjibTypHoe bjihahhc Ha Ka3axoe yeraHOBHJiHCb JiHiub b HOBoe
BpeMH, c BKJiiOHeHHeM Ka3axcKHX 3eMe;ib b PoccHficKyfo KMnepHio, a 3areM b
ee HOByio «HnocTacb» — CCCP.

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ito oneHb pa3HbiM. B CCCP Ka3axaM npiiuiJiocb nepejKHTb <paicniHecKHH re-

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Jibie Hapoflbi), b 50-e rr. Ka3axw npeBparnriHCb b mchhuhhctbo b Ka3axciaHe,
npwneM MeHbmHHCTBO, noiiBeprujeeca 3Ha4HTejibHow pycn(|)HKauHH.

Tew He Menee 3HaneHHe coBeTCKoro nepnoaa sthm oimoflb He Hciepnbi-
BaeTca. B CCCP Ka3axM b KOHue kohuob c<t>opMHpOBajiHCb b coBpeMeHHyio
HauHK), ofijianaiomyio iiojihoh couHajibHOH cTpyKTypoii. B KOHue cobctcko-
ro nepHoaa MaccoBbie MHrpaiiHH b Ka3axcTaH npeKpamaioTCJi, yaejibHbiH Bee
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BaJio to, 4to MocKBa CTajiKHBinacb b Ka3axcTane c iiiiothok m 3aKpbiTOH ma
Hee cpeaoH o6meCTBa, npOHH3aHHoro cerbto poaoewx CBH3ew. (Cm. cranio

3. Ulaua, B KOTOpOH aBTOp nbltaeTCJI 06:bHCHHTb yCTOHHHBOCTb 3THX CBJI3eH

B03fleHCTBHeM caMOfi coBeTCKoti cHCTeMbi.) rionbiTKa Mockbh «HaBecTH no-
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ajiMaaTHHCKHM co6biTH3M 1986 r., KOraa Ka3axcraHCKne CTyaeHTbi BbicTynn-
jih nporaB npHcnaHHoro H3 Mockbh «npoKOHcyna» h b 3auiHTy chhtoto M.
Fop6aHeBbiM nepBoro ceKpeTapa U,K Ka3axcTaHa Jl. KyHaesa. (Cm. eraTbio
B. ApaaeBa.)

Ho, HecMOTpa Ha sth rpoMaaHbie KyjibTypHbie pa3JiHMHa h pa3JiHHH3 hc-

TOpHHeCKOH naMSITH, COUHa^IbHO-nOJIHTHMeCKHH CTpOH nOCTCOBeTCKOrO Ka-

3axctaHa h ero 3bojiiouhji oneHb 6^h3kh k couHajTbHO-noJiHTH^ecKOMy
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Pocchk), neM, HanpHMep, bo mhoto pa3 6o;iee 6jiH3Kaa k Pocchh no rjiySo-

KHM OCHOBaHHHM CBOeH KyJlbTypbl YKpaHHa.

Cxoactbo h pa3JTHM«e Ka3axcraHa h Poccmh

Ctpoh o6JianaeT CBoefi coSctbchhoh BHyrpeHHeR jioi-hkoh, He saBHea-
mefi ot KyjibTypw. Oco6eHHOCTH KyjibTypw h JiCHXOJiorHH Hapo.ua Ha KcropH-
Mecioix pa3Bnnicax THna toK, e kotopoh npe6biBajiH Bee Hapoau CCCP Ha py-
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pa3BOpaMHBaeTcs co6cTBeHHaa, BHjrpeHHaa jioraKa crpoa. KyjibTypa Kopeu
oneHb aajieKa ot KyjibTypbi TypKMeHHH, ho cTaTyn TypKMeH6auiH oneHb no-
xoacH Ha CTaryH Khm Mp CeHa, a b K)hchoh Kopee, wao6opoT, TaKHX craTyH
BooSme HeT.

-PyccKHe h Ka3axw - oseHb pa3Hbie Hapojj.br. Ho k MOMeHTy pacnaaa
CCCP to, mto 6hjio y hhx oSuihm ~ HenoaroTOBJieHHOCTb k 3TOMy pacnaay,
OTcyrcTBHe jjeMOKparaqecKoro onwra, OTcyrcTBHe KaKOH-TO jichoh KapTHHM
Toro crpofl, KOTOpbift ohh xotht co3AaTb, crpax nepea HeoxwjaHHD cbmhb-
uieiica cbo6ojj.oh, b kotopoh MepeujHJiHCb bchkhc yxacti - aHapxna, ipaac-
aaHCKaa BOHHa, HauHOHajibHbie Meauioyco6HUbi, onpeaejiHJiH hx o6u;hk hc-
TopHHecKHH BbiSop. M nocjieflCTBHH 3Toro Bbi6opa, jioraica ero cneacTBHH,
«3aBHCHMOCTb ot Bbi6paHHOro nym* Ha nepMOfl cymecreOBaHHa stoto crpoa
BaxHee, neu Ky/ibTypHbie ojjimm pyccKMx h Ka3axoB.

2

HcTOpHieCKHH Bbl60p, CfleJiaHHblH pOCCHHHaMH H Ka3aXCTaHU3MH Ha

py6exe 80-x - 90-x flocTaioiHO TunHieH /uia Haiuero BpeineHH. H pocchh-
CKHft, h Ka3axcTaHCKHH poKMMbi npHHamiejKaT k THny, xapaKTepnOMy juia
nocrcoBeTCKoro npocTpaHCTsa h pacnpocTpaHeHHOMy h 3a npeaejiaMH CHT,
bo MHorax cTpaHax «TpeTbero MHpa». 3to - pexHMbi BJiacra «6e3ajibTepHa-
THBHbix» npe3aaeHTOB, nepe/jaiomHX 3Ty BJiacib no HacjieaCTBy, hjih KaKHM-
to onpeiiejieHHbiM hmh JiHuaM, hjih npocTO cbohm /jeraM 3 . H He 3Haio, KaKOH
TepMHH roflHTca juih hx onpeaejierora. TepMHH «HejiH6epaubHaa jieMOKpa-
THa» MHe He KaxeTca noflxoflsuiMM, h6o, BO-nepBbtx, sth pescKMbi - He Rt-

MOKpaTHH, BO-BTOpblX, HCKOTOpbie H3 HHX MOryT &bITb H OTHOCHTejlbHO JIM-

6epajibHbiMH. Mx moxho 6hjio 6bi Ha3BaTb MOHapxwaMH, h rpaHb Meacay hh-
mh h MOHapxHSMH - OHeHb HeonpeaejieHHa. TeM He MeHee MOHapxaMH Tarae
npe3HaeHTbi ce6a He npOB03rjiaiuaioT, h xots nepenana BJiacTH no HacjieacT-
By ana hhx oieHt THHHHHa, ona Bceraa nerHTHMH3Hpyeicfl HMHTaHHefl 06-
meHapoaHbix bh6opob 4 . Mx, Moxet 6biTb, moxho HaaBaTb pexHMaMH «cibvi-

JIHBOrO aBT0pHiapH3Ma» Wm «HMHTaUHOHHOH fle.MOKpaTUH», h6o bo Bcex

3thx pexHMax cpaKTHMecKH HeorpaHHHeHHaa h BHenpaBOBaa BJiacTb coHCTa-
ctch c npaBOBbiMH h aeMOKparaqecKHMH (p°P MaMH h .npHKpbiBaeTca hmh,
HMHTHpyeT npaBOBbie h zteMOKpaTHMecKHe HHCTHTyrbi.

<&aKTHMecKH Hpe3HneHTbi - npocTO «ecTt», ohh Koroa-TO b nepBbifi pa3
6wjih H36paHbi Ha HacToautHx Bbi6opax, hjih 3axBaTHJiH BJiacrrt, hjih nojiyHH-
jih ee ot cbohx npeamecTBeHHHKOB, ho coxpaHeHHe hmh stoh BJiacTH He 3a-
bhcht ot bu6opob. OflHaKO 4>opManbHG npe3naeHTH H36HpaK>Tca hjih npo-
jweBaioT cbom nojiMOMOHHa pe(pepeHiiyMaMH. OajcTHHecKH npe3HaeHTM He

3aBHCaT OT KOHCTHTyUHH, KOTOpfcie CaMH «COHHHflK)T» H MeHfllOT, fiCJIH t3M«

HMHTpHM tpypMaH

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khx CHdeMax He MoxeT SbiTb pa3,ne^eHHfl BJiacTefl. Ho cpopMa^bHO ecTb nap-
jiaMeHTbi (h b hmx aaxce Moxer 6b!Tb xaKaa-To onno3Hmia) h HHoraa aaxe

KOHCTHTyUHOHHbie cyabi.

PejKHMH TaKoro THna, ecrecTBeHHO, oneHb pacnpocrpaHeHbi b MHpe, rae
aeMOKpaTHHecKHe HopMH h npHHunnbi npHo6pejiH Bceo6mee 3HaneHHe, rae
npaKTHiecKH HCHeann HjjeMHbie, co3HaTejibHbie anbTepHaTHBbi aeMOKparaH

{KOMMyHH3M, (J)aiIIH3M H T.il.) s , HO T&t SOJIbUIHHCTBO HapOJIOB B pe3y/IbTaTe

KaK HeaocTaTOHHoro ypoBHfl CBoero counajibHoro h KyjibTypHoro pa3Bnraa,
TaK h oco5eHHocTefi CBoefi icyjibTypbi eme He cnoco6Hbi *HTb b ycjioBHaxae-

MOKpaTHH 6 . «CTbiaHHBbie aBTOpHTapHSMbl* HJ1H -SHMHTaUMOHHbie aeMOicpa-

thh» noaBJiaiOTca Tonaa, Koraa oSmecrBo He MoxceTXHTb b ycjioBHax aeMO-

KpaTHH, HO H He MOJKCT B 3T0M HpH3HaTbCH.

Ecjth zteftcTBHa npaBHTejieft o6ycjioBJieHM AByMa HMnepaTHBaMH - He-

OOXOflHMOCTblO COXpaHSTb H yKpeFUISTb CBOIO JlH4HyK> MaCTb H HeoSxOAHMO-

CTblO npH 3T0M HMKTHpOBaTb npaBOBbie aeMOKpaTHHecKHe <popMbi, ecTecT-
BeHHO, nepeji hhmh B03HHKaroT oflHHaKOBbie npo6jieMbi, h sto onpejiejiaeT
o6myiojiorHKy <pyHKUHOHHpoBaHHfl h pa3BHTHa pexiiMOB. HaBepHHKacpaB-
HeHHe, CKaaceM, Ka3axciaHCK0ro hjih pocchhckoto pexcHMOB c eraneTCKHM

HJ1H CHpHMCKHM TOJKe BblflHJIO 6bl MHOXCeCTBO CXOflHblX 4epT,

Ho eciiH oaHOTHnHbie peacHMbi B03HHicaroT b oco6o cxoxhx yaioBHax h
hojdkhm pemaib MHorne cneun(pH4ecKHe, nopoxneHHbie sthmh o6iuhmh
ycjioBwaMH h oSiuhm rene3HC0M npoGjieMbi, - Kaic pocchhckhh h Ka3axciaH-
ckhh, - to cxoacTBa erne 6ojibwe 7 .

3

B craTbax A. KypTOBa, A. JIn:6MaHa h n. CeoHKa h b Moeft coaepxaTca
nonuTKH nocjieflOBaiejibHoro cpaBHeHwa nojiHTH4ecKoro, npaBOBoro h sko-

HOMHHeCKOTO pa3BHTHH HaiUHX CTpaH H BMSBJiaeTCH rpOMattHOe MHOJKeCTBO

aHajiorafi.

AHafloraiHO o6mee HanpaBJieHHe pa3BHTna - ko see 6ojibiueMy cocpe-
jiOTOMeHHio BJiaera B-pyKax npaBHTejien, aHaaorHHHbi CHTyauHH, «cueHbi»

pOCCHHCKOH H Ka3aXCTaHCKOH: HOCTCOBeTCKOH HCTOpHH - KOH(pJlHKT Rpe3H-

aeHTa h napJiaMeHTa, KOH^aiouiHHCfl pa3roHOM napjiaMeHTa h npwHHTHeM
yilo6HOH ana npe3HneHTa KOHCTHTyUHH, nocrpoeHHe «BJiacTHofi BepTHKa-
jih», npHBara3auHH, b xojie KOTopoH o6oramaiOTCfl npe>Kne Bcero mow,
QjiH3KHe k npe3naeHTaM h hx ceMbHM, noHCKH npeeMHHica, co3aaHHe npe-
3naeHTCKHx napTHH, KOH(pJiHKT npe3naeHTa H OJlHrapXOB H T.J. CoOTBeTCT-
BeHHO aHanorM4Hbi h nepcoHaacn Hauinx «nbec», xoth (pyHKUHH, BbinojiHa-
eMbie b oaHott «nbece» AByMa nepcoHa)KaMM, b apyroii MoryT coBMemaTbca
y oflHoro.

Ha3ap6aeB - 3to EnbUMH, ho t&k KaK oh aojibiue ctoht y BJiacTH, eMy na-
cthhho npHxoflHTca yace wrpaTb poab flyrHHa. Ka3axcTaHCKHH Xoaopkob-
ckhm - sto CHflaiuHH ceH«iac b TiopbMe )KaKHflHOB. KaacereabaMH - sto Ka-

Cxoactbo h pa3JiHMKe Ka3axaana h Poccnfr

3axcTaHCKHfi Tafiflap h Ka3axcTaHCKHH Eepe30BCKHH b ohhom jihuc OapTHa
«OraH - 0ie4ecTB0» - sto maxcTaHCKaa «EflHHaa PoccHa*. TeHepaji Tapn
KacbiMOB - 3to Ka3axcTaHCKHH reHepan Jle6e,nb (inoaceT 6biTb, c jierKHM Ha-
jictom )KnpHHOBCKoro) h T.fl. riyraHa ewe HeT, h6o KaaaxeraHCKHfl npe3H-
Aem Kpenne 3,aopoBbeM, nein Ham nepBMH npe3HaeHT, ho no cioxeTy nbecbi
oh jiojixeH nOHBHTbCa.

B Ka3axcraHe h b Pocchh mh bhahm KaK6bi pa3B0paHHBaHHe npeaCToa-
mero b pa3Hbix HauHOHajibHbix <|>opMax, ho oaHoro h raro ace cioaceTa, KaK b
MHcpax, anoce hjih CKa3Kax ojiHoro Hapoaa Mbi Jierxo bhqhm croxerbi h nep-

COHaXH-CjiyHKUHH, 06lUHe MHOrHM HapOZiaM. M KaK 06lHH0CTb MH^OJIOrHie-
CKHX ClOJKeTOB Hejlb33 06T>HCHHTb BJIH3HH3MH H 3aHMCTBOB3HHHMH, XOTH Ha-
CTO TaKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH HpOCJieXHBaiOTCfl, TaK H CXOilCTBO pOCCHHCKOrO H

Ka3axcTaHCKoro «couHajibHo-nojiHTHMecKnx cioxeTOB» Hejib3a o6tflCHHTb
BJIH3HH3MH, xoth HHoraa npe3HaeHTbi Hcnojib30BajiH onbrr apyrapyra.

B CHJiy xaKoro cxoacTBa pa3BHTHe Ka3axcTaHa npeacTaBJiaeT, Ha Ham
B3rjia.a, oco6wh HHtepec ma pocchhckoto MHTaxe^a. MHorae poccHiicKHe
npoueccbi, Korapbie Moryr npeacTaB^HTbcs aiyHaftHbiMH h hhcto HHflHBHay-
anbHbiMH, npH raKOM cpaBHemiH npefldaiOT KaK 3aK0H0MepHbie h eciecT-
BeHHbie. FJpn 3tom HHoraa- Pocchh onepexajia Ka3axciaH, ho HHoraa h Ka-
3axcTaH onepexaji Pocchki. HHoraa KaKHe-ro o6uiHe npoueccn npencTaioT b
Han6oJiee apKOH (popine b Pocchh, HHoraa - b Ka3axcTaHe. Bo bchkom ciiy-
nae, H3yHan apyrHX, mh HeH36exH0 HaiHHaeM jiynuie noHHMaib caMHx ce6a.

4

Jlflx Hac BaxHo He npocTO KOHdaTHpOBaTb cxoactbo yeraHOBHBUiHXca b
HaiUHX CTpaHaX CHCTeM H B3aHM0CBH3b HX 3JieMeHT0B, HO h nonbiTaTbca «3a-

rJiaHyTb b Syaymee*. ABTopHTapHbie pexHMbi coBepuiaroT eciecTBeHHHH

JKH3HeHHbltt UHKJi: OHH HflyT OT 3apO*yieHHa Hepe3 3pejlOCTb K KOHHy.

FIoKa b nocxcoBeTCKOM npocTpaHctBe 6hjio jihiiib ojiho naaeHHe peacH-
Ma 6e3ajibTepHaraBHoro npe3naeHTCTBa - sto naneHHe OTHOCHTejibHO JiH6e-
pajibHoro peatHMa ILIeBapflHaffje b pesyjibme «peBOJiiouHH po3» 2003 r.'. Ho
ecjiH bhhth 3a npeaejibi nocTCOBeTCKoro npocipaHCTBa, mh bhuhm, hto ecTb
iieMOKpaTHH, pa3BHBaBuiHeca na npoTaaceHHH yxte He nepBOH cothh jict h ne
noKa3biBaiomHe npH3HaK0B KpH3Hca, ho HeT hh oahoto HeTpajiHUHOHajiHCT-
cKOro aBTopHTapHoro peacHMa, rae BJiacTb nepejiaBajiacb 6bi ot niaBH rocy-
aapcTBa k Ha3Ha4eHH0My hm npeeMHHKy h KOTopbiH coxpaHtuics 6bi ko m-
uiHXflHeH X0T3 6bi c 1950 r. Pokhmh atoro THna H3Ha^ajibHO «xpynKHe» h no
Mepe pa3BHTHfl craHOBaTca euxe 6ojiee «xpynKHMH».

Ha Haiu B3rjiafl, oieHb Ma^o BepoaTHo, mo b HauiHx crpaHax jiHHHa ne-
peaaioiUHx flpyr apyry anacTb npe3MixeHT0B npoaepacHTCfl psm flecatHfieTHH.
H ecjiH poccHHCKHH peacMM nora npeflcraBJiaeTca jiocTaTOHHo npo^HbiM, to
b Ka3axciaHCK0M yxe bkahh HepTH HaflBwraiomeroca Kp»3Hca. 3tot kph3mc
Hflaxe naaeHHe peacwina eme He 03HanaeT, oiiHaKO, hto oSmecTBO nepexonHT
K aeMOKpaTHH. KaK 3T0 6biiio MHoro pa3 b hctophh pa3Hbix cipan TpeTbero

flMMTpHH 4>ypMaH

MHpa, naaeHne aBropHTapHoro pejKHMa MoxeT npHBecTH nocjie nepwoaa He-
ycToftqHBOH JieMOKpaTHH, nepexo.Qflui.eH b aHapxHK), k ycraHOBJieHHio omo-
THnHoro poftHMa c hcckojibko hhoh HfleanonmecKOH OKpacKOH.

MoxeT jm Ka3axcraHCKoe o6iuecTB0 Ha 3tom 3Tane cBoero pa3BHraa ne-

peMTM K yCTOHHHBOH JieMOKpaTMH, flOCTaTOHHO JIH OHO «C03peJIO» flJIfl 3T0-

ro - Bonpoc oTKpbiTbiH. OTBda Ha Hero y Hac Hex. Ho HeKoropbie acnes™
Ka3axcKoii Kyjisiypbi, KaK npeflCTaanaeTCfl, cnoco6cTByiOT oTHocwTenbHo
SbiCTpoH 3po3HH TenepeuiHero pexMMa h jjaioi ocHOBaHne rOBopmb, hto Ka-
3axcTaHCKaa fleMOKparaa He MoxeT paccMaipHBaTbca KaK hcmto TaKoe, hto
MoaceT HacTynKTb jinuib b KaKOM-TO TyMaHHOM h oiaaneHHOM 6yflymeM.

5

HauHOHajibHaa pejinrnfl Ka3axoB - HonaM, ohcbhaho, He MoxeT paccMa-
TpHBaTbca KaK (paicrop, cnoco6cTByrcnuHH aeMOKpaTHH. CoBepmeHHO He
cjiyMaftHO, hto HOiaMCKaa nacTb coBpeMeHHoro Mupa - 30Ha, b KoxopOH npe-
o6jiaaaioT aBTOpHTapHbie pexHMbi 9 . Ho, BO-nepBbix, ecjiH HoiaM He cnoco6-
CTByeT ycBoeHHio aeMOKparanecKnx HOpM, to oh hbho w He aB/iaeTca Henpe-
oaojiHMbiM npenaTCTBHeM k 3T0My, nocKo^bsy MycyjibiwaHCKHe aeMOKpaTHH
Bce-TaKH ecTb. Bo-BTopwx, HanaM - jimub ohhh H3 acneicroB Ka3axcK0fi
KyjibTypbi. Hc.rcaMH3aij.na xa3axoB 6buia oraocHTejibHO no3flHeH h noBepxHO-
cthoh, b Ka3axcKofi Kyjibrype b 3HaHHTejibHOH Mepe coxpaHtuiacb Ta cneuH-
4)HHecKas apxaHMHaa TepnHMOCTb k pa3HbiM pejiHrasiM, KOTOpaa raK nopa-
xaeT y mohi-ojiob HnHraoxaHa h Baibia. 3to cneujidpHHecKoe OTHOuieHwe k
pejiwrHH, 6oJibmafl OTKpbiTOCTb Ka3axoB no OTHOiueHHio k «4yacoMy» npocjie-
xHBaeTca b craTbe B. BeKrypraHOBofi, BooSme TeprmMocTb cTana jyisi Ka3a-
xob nacTbK) o6pa3a caMHx ce6fl. B KaKOH-TO Mepe sto, ohcbhjiho, BJinaeT Ha
xapaicrep Ka3axcTaHCKofi aeMOKpaTHiecKOH onno3HUHH, b kotopom KOMMy-
hhcth Moryr coTpyjiHHHaTb c jwSepajiaMH 3anaztHoro TOJiKa h, 6ojiee toto,
pyccKHe opraHH3auHH - c Ka3axcKHMH HauHOHajinc™qecKHMH. HecoMHeH-
HO, 3T0 OJIHH H3 (paKTopoB, cnoco6cT8yiomHXfleMOKpaTH3auHK.

3HaHHTe;ibHo aiojKHee pojib apyroro (paKtopa - coxpaHaioiuHxca xy30-

BblX H nJieMeHHHX CB33eH. POJlb 3THX CB33eH 04eHb RJIOXO H3yMeHa, H B JIHTe-

paxype moscho BcrperHTb KaK nojiHoe OTpHuaHHe ax 3HaneHHa, TaK h, Hao6o-
poT, aBHoe ero npeysejiMHeHHe, Koraa nyrb jih He bch counanbHaa m nojmra-
necKaa XH3Hb pacCMaTpHBaeTca cKB03b np«3My «6opb6bi acy30B». MHe AyMa-
eTca, iTO pojib 3THX CBH3eH bo bchkom cjiyqae He 0flH03HaiH0 neraTHBHaa.
Ohh MoryT HipaTb pojib «cypporaia» rpaxaaHCKoro o6mecTBa, co3flaBaTb
onopy HHUHBiwaM b npOTHBoaeHCTBHH BJiacTH, ae^aTb mmvLBma HecKOJibKo
MeHee oahhokhm. Ohh MoryT cMarnaTb ttaeojiorHHecKoe npoiHBocTOHHHe,
co3flaBaa nepeicpemHBaiomHeca jioajibHocTH. Bee sto o^eHb cjioxHwe bo-
npocbi, h fljisi oTBera Ha h.hx Heo6xoiiHMbi 6ojJbiiiHe h ue^eHanpaBJieHHbie
couHOJionmecKHe h 3THorpac|)HHecKHe HCcjieaoBaHHH, KOTOpbix hct.

Cxoxyro c coxpaHeHHeM acy30Bbix h njieMeHHbix cB33eH pojib, bosmojk-
ho, HrpaeT h rpoManHbift sthhhcckhh h K0H(peccHOHa^bHbifl iuiiopajiiQM Ka-

8

Cxoactbo w pa3iiHHwe Ka3axcTaHa h Pocchh

3axcTaHCKoro o6mecTBa. ABTopHrapH3M, aaxe earn oh npoBcwrjiauuaeT rae-
ojioraio npaB iweHbiuHHCTB h «o6mero aoMa», cbohm ecrecTBeHHbiM cTpeM-
jieHHeM k ymwpHKaiWH h noflHMHeHHK) Bcero o6mecTBa ne Moacer He ymeM-

JlJITb npaB3 MeHbUlHHCTB. [l03T0My 06T>eKTHBHbie HHTepeCH MeHbHIHHCTB -

h npexae Bcero caMoro 6ojibiuoro pyccKoro MeHbuiHHCTBa - aHKTyiOT, KaK
noK33aHO b daibe A. ZJoKynaeBOH, hx aHTHaBTOpHTapHyio opweHTauHio'

riiiiopamcTHiecKoe h b uejioM TepnwMoe Ka3axcTaHCKoe o6mecTBO, b
kotopom KOMMyHHCTbi corpyjiHimiOT c npaBbiMH, a pyccKHe - c Ka3axaMH h
b kotopom ocHOBHaa Haun*i HMeeT croxHyio BHyipeHHioio opraHH3auHio a
ne npeacraBJiaeT co6oh coBOKynHocxn aTOMH3HpoBaHHbix hhahbwiob, ncui-
HOCTbio 6e33amnTHbix nepea fuiacibio, - ne cajviaa Haea/ibHaa cpeaa mx aB-
TopHTapH3Ma. Onno3HuHOHHoe aeMOKparaHecKoe ABHxeHHe b KasaxcraHe,
bo bchkom cnynae, ceifaac cmibHee h opraHH30BaHHee poccHHCKoro, a Ka3ax-
CTaHCKaa anacTb nyBCTByeT ce6a MeHee yBepeHHofi, nm poccHHCKaa.

Mh He MoxeM nporH03HpOB3Tb 6ynymee Ka3axcTaHa. Ho Ka3axcTaH-
csaa aeMOKpaTHji - cobccm He msw yx HeBepoaTHaa b HCTopmecrai 060-
3phmom BpeMeHH. A b 6ojiee oraa^eHHOH -nepcneicrHBe yciaHOBJieHHe aeMo-
KpaTHH b oSewx HauiHX cTpaHax, 04eBnaH0, Hew36exH0. Jlyniuee 3HaHHe
cxoxhx npo6;ieM Pocchh h Ka3axcTaHa MOxeT b KaKOfl-TO Mepe o6jienjHTb w
ycKopHTb ee craHOBJieHHe.

3aKaHHHBaa sto KopoTKoe BBeaeHHe, a xowy Bwpa3HTb HCKpeHHioio h
rjry6oKyio 6jiaroaapHOCTb 3a noMouib b paSoie Haa KHHrofi mockobckoh xyp-
HaJiHCTKe CaHoSap UlepMaTOBOH, a Taoce coTpyflHHKy HHCTHTyTa EBponu
PAH CBeuiaHe )ICa,aH0BOH.

flpuMenaHHfl

1 HanpHMep, HeT b CTpaHax Bammi npo6jieMbi nocipoeHwi «anacTHofi npe3K-
aeHTCKoii BepTHi«uin», h6o h pecny6jTHKH TaM - He npe3HaeHTCKne, H eT 6opb6w c
ojiwrapxaMH, n6o Her CMHrapxoB, a t. a.

2 B roflbi KOAjreicTHBH3auHH norn6jio no 40% sta3axoB. TaKHM o6pa30M, Macum-
6u CTa^iHHCKoro reHomw Ka3axoB BnojTHe conocraBuvibi c MacmTaSaMH rHTJiepoB-

CKororeHouHflaeBpeeB.npHHunnHaJibHbiHOT^HHHeMaTHxuByxreHouHaoBebuioTa,
kto THTJiep co3Haie^bHO cTpeMHjicn HCTpe6HTb Bcex eBpeeB, a CrajiHH HHKoraa 3aaa-
<m HCT P e6jreHHfl KasaxoB He craBHJi. Hao6opoT, Ka3axoBcrpeMn™cb cwnari, «nepe-

HOBOK COUHMHCTMHeCKOH HaUHeft». THTJiepOBCKHH reHOUHfl 6bUI reHOUHilOM 3JI0H

bo™, cra^HHCKHfi - CKopee reHounaoM «rocyaapcTBeHHoro mHOTH3Ma», Koraa
ejiacTb npecuiejiyeT CKopee ua.xe xopoujue uejiH, ho b cn/iy ee nonHoK 6ecKOHTpo^b-
hoctk h npoKCTeKaiomero ox 6ecKOHTpo^bHOCTH 6e3yMnsi ee «ao6pbiMn HaMepeHwsi-
mh» 6yKBajibHO «BbiMomeH nyrb b aa».

EcTb eme o^ho npHHUHnwa-ibHoe otjihhhc THTJiepoBCKHii re«ouna craji moiu-
HbiM (paKTopoM HeMeuKoro co3HaHHa, nopoawB HeMeuKOe nyBCTBO bmhh nepeji eBpe-

flMKTpHH (DypMaH

jimh h cTpeMJieHHe 3Ty BHHy HCKynHTb. CTanHHCKHii renounfl Ka3axoB npaKranecKH
He npHcyrcTByeT b pyccKOM co3HaHHH.

J B CHT nOKa raubKO oahh cjiynaft nepe,naqn snacm no HacjieaciBy or oma k
cbiny - b A3ep6afta)KaHe, ho npaKranecKH HecoMHeHHO, hto aro - nepBbift, ho He
nociieflHHfi c^yHafi. BHe CHTxaKHX KBa3HMOHapxnfi mhoto (Cnp»a, CeBepHaa Ko-
pea, HiiKaparya npn CoMOcax, fan™ np» fliosajibe h ap.).

4 EiiHHCTBeHHbivi cjiyiaft - aKcueHTpuHHbiti «MMnepaTop» BoKacca b UeHTpajib-
HO-A<ppHKaHCKOfl - npw hcm - HMnepHM, ctmac - pecnySjiHKe.

' B coBpeMeHHOM M«pe MOxeT coxpaHHTbcn oTHOCKrejibHO ycT0f(4HBbifi He ae-
MOKparHHecKHfi TpaflHUH0HajiM3M, KaK b CBa3nneHne HjiH CayaoBCKoH ApaBHH. Ho
HAefiHofi JuibTepHaTHBoft oh He jiBJiseTca, h 3th rocynapcTBa - «pejiHKTbi» npeacHnx
snox. HcjiaMCKHH <pyHaaMeHTajiH3M b KaKOfi-TO Mepe flB,™eT co6owTaKyio ajibiepHa-
THBy. Ho eflHHCTBeHHaa cipaHa, b kotopoh oh rroSeami, - MpaH Taoce b 3Ha<wTejib-

HOH Mepe B0Cnp0M3B0flHT H HMKTMpyeT JKMOKpaTMHeCKHe (J)OpMbl.

6 Acho, hto pa3Hbie KyjibTypb! Moryr hjih o6jieniaTb, hjth, Hao6opox, 3aTpyflHHTb
yxopeHeHHe aeMOKpaTHMecKnx hhcthtytob. YpoBeHb pa3BHTHJi o6mecTBa k ran
KyjibTypw B3aHMoaeftcTByK)T Tax, hto ripn OTcyTCTBHH b Kyjibrype AOCTaioHHbix npea-

nOCbI,10K JBMOKpaTHH JUlfl yCTaHOB^eHHSI flCMOKpaTH-ieCKHX HHCTHTyTOB HyaceH 3Ha-

mnejibHO 6ojibuiMft ypoBCHb pa3BHTna, mcm HaiiHMHe b KyjibType qepT, cnoco6cTByio-
iuhx ycBoeHHK) AeMOKpaxwH. HanpHMep, b cjiy^ae Pocchh ran Ky^biypbt fleftciBye?
KaK aHTnaeM0KpaTH4ecKnfl cfcaK-rop. PyccKHe npaKTHHecKH HHKoraa He xhjih b ycjio-
bhhx aeMOKpaTHK hjih xotji 6bi B ycjiOBHsix, npH6jinx<aiOLUHxcji k Heft. noaTOMyjinfl
neMOKpaTHH b Pocchh HyxeH ypoBeHb pa3BKTHfi 3HaHHTe;ibH0 6onbiunH, neM fljifl fle-
MOKpaTHH b flpyrax crpaHax, c hhmm ranoM Kyjibrypbi. B KanecxBe npoxHBononosc-
hofo npHinepa, otcbhaho, mojkho npHBecra Hhahio. Hhuhh no chx nop - o6ukctbo
c HerpaMOTHOfi rojiobhhoh HacejieHiia. Ten He MCHee yKopeHeHHOcTbiieMOKparaHe-
ckhx HHCTHTyrOB b 3TOH CTpaHe nopa3HTejibHa. OHeBH/tHO, o6bacHeHHe sroro KpoeT-
cn b KOJioccajibHOM ruiiopajiH3Me h naeftHOH xepnHMOCTH HHayn3Ma.

' 9i ayMaio, oflHaso, mto ecjiw npoBecxH nocjieflOBarejibHoe cpaBHeHHe, CKaaceM,
poccHHCKoro mm Ka3axcxaHCKoro peacHMOB c oaHOTWiHbiMH peacHinaMH c coBep-
uieHHo HHbiM reHe3«coM, to npH3HaKOB cxoacTBa Mbt Bee pasHo HailaeM oneHb mho-
ro. HaBepHHKa, cKaaceM, My6apaK b ErHnte ayMaer Haa TeMH ace npo6jieMaMH, mto h
TlyTHH b Pocchh, - KaK Haft™ 6ajiaHC Mexay peanbHOti BJiacTbK) h (Jjopmoh, to ecTb
KaK caenaxb Tax, iroGbi b nap^aMem-e Bce-TaKH 6bLia KaKaa-TO onno3Huna, Kax sto-
ro Tpe6yeT (popiwa, ho hto6h ona He CTajia onacHOii ansi Macra. Ha6op B03MoacHbix
pemeHHft oneHb orpaHH^eH.

* Ci-teHa anacTH 04eHb BeponiHa b YKpaMHe, ho b YKpawHe Boo6me He;ib3fl ro-
BopHTb 06 ycTOJiBUieMCS pe>KHMe aroro rana, CKopee 3flecb mojkho roBopwrb o no-
nwrKe co3flaxbTaKofl pexHM.

10

Cxoactbo h pa3/i«4ne Kasaxaana a Pocchm

9 OpraHM3auHa «<Ppn,aoM xay3» kzxhuH tou BbicTaanaeT oueHKH ypoBHfl hojih-
ranecKoft CBo6oau EceM CTpaHaM MHpa. OueHKa 1 03HanaeT MaKCHMajibHufi ypOBeHb
jieMOKpaTHiHOctH, oueHKa 7 - MaKCHMajibHbift ypoBeHb aBTopnTapH3Ma. H3 4 1 crpa-
hh MHpa c Mycy;ibMaHCKHM 6ojibuiHHCTBOM oueHKy I b 2003 r. He nojiyiHJia hm o/ma,
oueHKy 2 - ase CTpanbi ( Mann h Ceneran), 3 - tph ( AjiBaHKa, HHAOHe3Ha h Typ-
iwa), 4 -tph, 5 - ceMb, 6 - BoceMHanuaTb h 7 - BOceMb. HaoGopOT, H3 59 crpaH, no-
JiyHHBuiHX oueHKy 1, Her hm oahoh MycyjibMancKOfi. Ha nocTcoBercKOM npocTpaHCT-
Be Mbi BHflHM cxoxyio KapTHHy. Bee Mycy^bMaHCKiie cipaHbi m BejiopyccHsi HiueiOT
oueHKH 6 h 7, xpHcraaHCKHe crpaHbi hmciot «Jiy^mne»oueHKH ( oueHKa Pocchh - 5).

OueHKH nojiMTHHecKoft CBoSoiibi Ha nocrcoBeTCKOM npocTpaHCTBe 3a 2003 r.: 1 -
ScTOHHJi, JlaiBHsi, JIwTBa, 3 - MojiflOBa, 4 - YKpaHHa, Tpy3Ha, ApineHHa, 5 - Poc-
chh, 6 -A3ep6aftAxaH, KamcTaH, KbiprbrccraH, Eejiapycb, 7 - y36eKMcraH h Typs-
MeHHH. OueHKH «rpaacaaHCKnx cbo6oa»: 2 - 3ctohhji, JlaiBHa, JlmBa, 4 - MonaoBa,
YKpawHa, ApMeHHfl, Tpy3nn, 5 - Poccna, A3ep6aftnxaH, Ka3axcraH, Kbiprw3CTaHi
TaaaoiKHCTaH, 6 - Eejiapycb, Y36eKHCTaH, 7 - TypKMeHHa.

OB ABTOPAX

ApaaeB BjianwHHp, xypHanHd, b 1987—1998 rr. KoppecnoHaeHT nmeTbi
«H3Becra3» b Ka3axcTaHe, MocKBa.

EeKrypraHOBa BaacwTataiwaji, flOKTOp <pmioco<pCKHX HayK, npe3HaeHT
AccouwauHH coiwojioroB h nojiHTOJiorOB Ka3axcT3Ha, AjiMa™, KaaaxcTaH.

BopncoBa ExaTepHHa, KamimaT HCTOpmecKHX HayK, HaynHbifi; coTpya-
hhk MHCTHTyra BOCTOKOBeaeHHfl PAH, MocKBa.

floKyaeBa Ajiexcaimpa BmcropOBHa, KaHHHflat (pH3MKo-MaTeMaTHHec-
khx HayK, aenyraT BepxoBHoro CoBeia Ka3axcKOH CCP XI co3biBa, owa H3
ocHOBaTejiefi h npeace^aTejiefi (1994—1995 rr.) Pecny6jiHKaHCKoro HBHxe-
hhsj «Jlan» b Ka3axcTaHe, b HacToawee Bpeina 3aBeayiomas OTflejioM flHacno-
pbi h MHipauHH HHCTHTyTa flHacnopbi h HHTerpauHH (MHCTHTyra CTpaH
CHO, MocKBa.

3CyK0B CraaHCJiaB, KauanaaT skohomhhcckhx HayK, cTapmHH nayMHbiH

COTpyUHHK HHCTHTyTa MHpOBOH 3K0H0MHKH H MeXHyHapOflHMX OTHOUieHHM

PAH, MocKBa.

Kocan rptiropHH, hoktop HCTopHHecKHx HayK, npcxpeccop, Mhcthtyt

CTpaH A3HH H AcjjpKKH, MoCKBa.

KypTOB Ajitaap, npe3HaeHT MocKOBCKoro ueHTpa ny6jiHHHoro npaBa,
MocKBa,

JlH6MaH AjieKcannp, HayiHMH coTpyflHHK MHCTHTyra MOKayHapoiiHbix

3K0H0MHHeCKHX H nOJIHTHHeCKHX HCCJieilOBaHHH, MocKBa.

Ona Hauyno, Hay^HbiK coTpy^HHK MHCTHTyra pa3BHBaK>mHXCH skoho-

MHK, TOKHO, HnOHHH.

IlbflHHOJia Hhkkojio, flOKTopam- YHHBepcHTeTa Cyop Opcojia EeHHHKa-

3a, HeanoJib, HTajiHa.

Cbohk nerp, jiHpeKTOp yqpejKfleHHjj «£eMOKpa™HecKaa 3Kcnepra3a.
AHa^HTHHecKaa oiyac6a rietpa CBOHKa», AjiMaxbi, Ka3axcTan.

OypiwaH ^mhtphh, iioKTOp HCTopmecKHX HayK, npo<J>eccop, rjiaBHbiw
Hay^Hbifi coTpyflHHK MHCTHTyra EBponu PAH, MocKBa.

Ulau 3flBapa, jioueHT KJupempw nojiHTHiecKHx HayK YHHBepcHTeTa lOx-
Horo MjiJiMHOHca, CUIA.

515

COAEPWAHME

JlMumpuu 0ypMaH.

CxoacTBa h otjihihh Ka3axcTaHa h Pocchh.

(BBeaeHHe) —

Fpueopuu Kocan.

Ka3axcKHH «o6pa30BaHHbiH ioiacc» b Pocchhckoh HMnepHH 12

Hukkoao nwmojia.

Ka3axcKHe nacTyxw Meaqiy KOJiJieKTHBH3ajiHefi h roJiojiOM.

1928-1934 .........:..... 79

ddeapdUIau,. tia
Pojii> rocyxtapcTBa b ycTOHHHBoc™ poaoBbix cbh3ch b Ka3axcraHe 114

RnaduMup Apdaee.

KaineHb na pacnyrbe ( aeica6pbCKHe co6biTHa 1986 r. b AjiMa-Aie) — 133

flMitmpuu 0ypMan.

nocTCOBCTCKHH noJinnmeCKHH pexHM Ka3axcTaHa . . . . — ........ 178

AMdap Kypmoe.

Pa3BHTHe KOHCTHTyuHOHanH3Ma b Ka3axcTaHe , 2/z

BcabtmxaMajiEeKmypaaHoea^MMumpuufypMOH.

MaccoBoe co3HaHHe h pejiwraa b Ka3axcraHe h Pocchh 355

AneKccmdpa JHonyvaeea.

PyccKMH (JjaKTop b nojMTmecKOH XH3HH Ka3axc?aHa 368

HauyKdOtta.

fOCyAapCTBO — 3THHHeCKOe MeHbUIHHCTBO —

poflHHa 3Toro MeHbiiiHHCTBa (PyccKHe, yftrypw h KOpenubi .

b nocTCOBCTCKOM Ka3axcTaHe h k CBoefi poflHHe) 389

Ilemp Ceom, Mencandp JIu6moh.

SKOHOMHKa Ka3axcraHa: flocTHxeHHfl, nepcneKTHBbi, npoSjieMH

(b cpaBHeHHH c Poccnefl) 406

MeKcandp JIu6m<ih.

B3aHMCweficTBne rocyaapcTBa c HauHOHajibHbiMH. h HHOcrpaHHbiMH

KopnopauHHMH b Pocchh h b Ka3axcxaHe 451

Cmmuaiae jKyKoe.

SKOHOMHHecKHH onbiT Ka3axcTaHa: ypoKH una Pocchh 471

EKamepma Eopucoea.

TpaHCHauHOHajibHbie KopnopauHH b Ka3axciaHe 499

v>